SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION

SUMMERY AND CONCLUSION:

            Stress is the single most vicious killer. Emotional turmoils play an important role in accelerating from aging to stroke till leading to suicide. There is urge for the treatment of depression to overcome more aggressive effects caused by antidepressant drug like SSRIs (Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor). These drugs have recently been revealed that, on long term intake have serious risks and are linked to suicide, violence, psychosis, abnormal bleeding and tumors. This necessitated us to research for more effective intervention for cure with limiting or much lesser side effects. The findings of our study summarized below

The myelin protein of stress bearing animal was found to be decreased compared with normal.

The activity of ATPase was found to be decreased in the stress group rats compared to the control rats.

PBC such as, Hexose, Hexose amine, Fucose and Sialic acid levels found to be decreased in the stress induced rats when compared to normal.

SDS – PAGE of myelin the band shows appreciable changes in the fore, mid, hind brain region of stress induced rats when compared to the control group of rats.

From the present study, it was concluded that light induced stress changes the level of glycoprotein components of myelin protein in fore, mid and hind brain experimental models of rat, which evidence from our Histopathological, Biochemical and behavioral result in our studies.

REFERENCE:

Acta. Med. Acad. Sci. Hung. 33, 161-169.

Adriaan BJ, Francesca S, Daniel RS, et al. Differential effects of exposure to low-light or                                high-light open-field on anxiety-related behaviors: Relationship to c-Fos expression in serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus. Brain Research Bulletin 2007; 72: 32–43.

Adriaan Bouwknecht J, Francesca Spiga , Daniel R. Staub , Matthew W. Hale ,Anantha           Shekhar , Christopher A.Lowrya.2007. Differential effects of exposure to low-ligh       or high light open-field on anxiety-related behaviours: Relationship to c-Fos    expression in serotonergic and non-serotonergic neurons in the dorsal raphe nucleus.      Brain Research Bulletin 72 32-43.
                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                           Simansky, K. J. 1996. Serotonergic control of the organization of feeding and satiety. Behav.     Brain Res.73:37-42.

Agrawal, H. C. & Hartman, B. K. (1979) in Biochemistry of Brain (Kumor, S., ed.), pp. 583 613, Pergamon Press, London

Anand, V.K., Solanki, R.L., Ramdeo, I.N. and Tandon, S.K. (1985) A study of serum

Anderson, N.B. & Anderson, P.E. (2003). Emotional Longevity: what really determines how long you live? New York: Viking.

 Anderson, N.B. (1998). “Levels of Analysis in Health Science: A Framework for Integrating Sociobehavioral and Biomedical Research,” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 840, pp. 563-576.

Arquint M, Roder J, Chia L-S, Down J, Wilkinson D, Bayley H, Braun P, Dunn R. 1987. Molecular cloning and primary structure of myelinassociated glycoprotein. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 84:600–604.

Assoc J glycoproteins in diabetes mellitus. Physicians India 33, 273-275.

Barker RA and Barasi S with Neal MJ. Neural plasticity and disorders of the nervous system. In: Neuroscience at a glance, London, England, 1999:105–121.

Barr, C.S., Newman, T.K., Lindell, S., Shannon, C., Champoux, M., Lesch, K.P., Suomi, S., Goldman, D., Higley, J.D. (2004). Interaction between serotonin gene variation and rearing history in alcohol preference and consumption in female primates. Archives of General Psychiatry, 61(11), 1146-1152.

Bartsch U, Kirchhoff F, Schachner M. 1989. Immunohistological localization of the adhesion molecules L1, N-CAM, and MAG in the developing and adult optic nerve of mice. J Comp Neurol 284:451–462.

Baum, A. & Polsusnzy, D. (1999). “Health Psychology: Mapping Bio behavioral Contributions to Health and Illness.” Annual Review of Psychology, Vol. 50, pp. 137-163.

Baum, A. (1990). “Stress, Intrusive Imagery, and Chronic Distress,” Health Psychology, Vol. 6, pp. 653-675.

Baumann N, Jacque C, And Hauw Jj. Myelin in normal and diseased states. NeurolClin 1: 701–727, 1983.

Bhuvarahamurthy, V., Balasubramanian, N.,  VijayaKumar, S. and Govindswamy, S. (1995) Effect of radiation on serum glycoproteins and glycosidases in patients with cervical carcinoma. Int. J. Gynaecol. Obstet., 48, 49-54.

Birling, M.C., Roussel, G., Nussbaum, F., and Nussbaum, J.L. (1993) Biochemical and immunohistochemical studies with specific polyclonal antibodies directed against bovine myelidoligodendrocyte glycoprotein. Neurochem. Res., 18:937-945.

Birnbaum G. (1995) Stress proteins: their role in the normal central nervous system and in disease states, especially multiple sclerosis. Springer Sem, Immunopathol. 17, 107±118.

Blois, S. et al. (2005) ICAM-1/LFA-1 cross talk is a proximate mediator capable of disrupting immune integration and tolerance mechanism at the feto–maternal interface in murine pregnancies. J. Immunol. 174, 1820–1829

Bonting SC. In: Membranes and ion transport. Bittar E. E(ed) Wiley – Inter science, London 1970; 1: 257–263.

Brosnan C. F., Battistini L., Gao Y. L. and Aquino D. A. (1996) Heat shock proteins and multiple sclerosis: a review. J. Neuropath. Exp. Neurol. 55, 389±402.

Brown I. R. (1994) Induction of heat shock genes in mammmalian brain by hyperthermia and tissue injury. In: Heat Shock Proteins in the Nervous System (Mayer, J. and Brown, I., eds), pp. 31±53. Academic press, New York.

Brown, GW , Harris , and petro, J.(1973).life events and psychiatric disorders. Part 2:Nature

            of  causal link. Psychol. Med.,3,159.           

Brunson, Grigoriadis D.E., Lorang M.T., & Baram T.Z. (2002) Corticotropin-releasing hormone (CRH) down ­regulates the function of its receptor (CRF1) and induces CRF1 expression in hippocampal and cortical regions of the immature rat brain. Experimental Neurology, 176(1), 75-86.

Chandler, N. et al. (2002). Acute stress shortens the time of onset of experimental allergic encephalomyelitis (EAE) in SJL/J mice. Brain Behav. Immun. 16, 757–763

Charmandari E ,   C. Tsigos, G. Chrousos, Endocrinology of the stress response, Annu. Rev. Physiol. 67 (2005) 259–284.

Childre D, Martin H. Beyond the brain – the intelligent heart. The Heart Math Solution. The Institute of Heart Math’s Revolutionary Program for Engaging the Power of the Heart’s Intelligence. Harper Collins: New York, NY; 1999.

Chrousos G.P., P.W. Gold, The concepts of stress and stress system disorders. Overview of physical and behavioral homeostasis, JAMA 267 (1992) 1244–1252.

Chui, T. & Babitch, J. (1979) Biochim. Biophys. Acta 510, 112-123

Curzon, G., Green, A.R., 1970. Rapid method for the determination of 5-hydroxytryptamine and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid in small regions of rat brain. British Journal of Pharmacology 39 (3), 653-655.

Dantzer, R. (2004) Cytokine-induced sickness behaviour: a neuroimmune response to activation of innate immunity. Eur. J. Pharmacol. 500, 399–411

De Kloet, E.R., Rots, N.Y., & Cools, A.R. (1996). Brain-corticosteroid hormone dialogue: Slow and persistent. Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology, 16(3), 345-356.

Dobrek L, Friediger J, Furgala A, Thor PJ. Autonomic nervous system activity in IBS patients estimated by heart rate variability. Przegl Lek 2006; 63: 743–747.

Dubuc, B. (2002). From the Simple to the Complex. Retrieved June 25, 2009 from The Brain From Top to Bottom Web site: http://thebrain.mcgill.ca/

Dutt, M., Chatterjee, A.K., Khanade, J.M. and Rajan, S.R. (1975) Serum glycoproteins in

Fatemi SH, Snow AV , Stary JM, Araghi-Niknam M, ReutimN tj, Lee S, Brooks AI, Pearce

            DA: Reelin glycoprotein in autism and schizophrenia. Biol Psychiatry2005, 57:777-

            787.

Fleshner, M. and Laudenslager,M.L. (2004) Psychoneuroimmunology: then and now. Behav. Cogn. Neurosci. Rev. 3, 114–130

Folch J, Less M and stanely.1951. A sinple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissue .J  Biol chem,226:497-509.

Gahmberg, C. A. & Hakomori, S. (1973) J. Biol. Chem. 248, 2135-2142

Gardinier, M.V., Amiguet, P., Linington, C., and Matthieu, J.-M. (1992) Myelidoligodendrocyte glycoprotein is a unique member of the immunoglobulin

Glaser, R and Kiecolt-Glaser, J.K, Stress induced immune dysfunction: implications for health, Nat. Rev. Immunol. 5 (2005) 243–251.

Gottleib, D. I., Merrell, R. & Glaser, L. (1974) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 71, 1800-1802

Gunnar, M., & Vazquez, D. M. (2006). Stress neurobiol­ogy and developmental psychopathology. In D. Cicchetti & D. Cohen (Eds.), Developmental Psychopathology, 2nd Edition, Volume 2: Developmental Neuroscience. New York: Wiley.

Habib AA, Marton LS, Allwardt B, Gulcher JR, Mikol DD, Hognason T, Chattopadhyay N, Stefansson K. 1998. Expression of the oligodendrocyte- myelin glycoprotein by neurons in the mouse central nervous system. J Neurochem. 70:1704--1711.

Hassett AL, Radvanski DC, Vaschillo EG, Vaschillo B, Sigal LH, Karavidas MK, et al. A pilot study of the efficacy of heart rate variability biofeedback in patients with fibromyalgia. Appl Psychophysiol Biofeedback 2007; 32: 1–10.

Hayano J, Sakakibarea Y, Yamada A, Yamada M, Mukai S, Fujinami T, et al. Accuracy of assessment of cardiac vagal tone by heart rate variability in normal subjects. Am J Cardiol 1991; 67: 199–204.

 Herbert, T.B., Cohen, S., 1993. Stress and immunity in humans: a meta-analytic review. Psychological Bulletin 55, 364-379.

Hildebrand C, Remahl S, Persson H, Bjartmar C. 1993. Myelinated fibres in the CNS. Prog Neurobiol 40:319–384.

Hildebrand C, Remahl S, Persson H, Bjartmar C. 1993. Myelinated nerve fibres in the CNS. Prog Neurobiol 40:319–384.

Hjerten S and pan H.Purification and characterization  of two forms of a low affinity calcium ion-ATPase from erythrocyte membranes. Biochim Biophys Acta.1983;728:281-288

Jakab, L., Pozsonyi, T. and Feher, J. (1976) Serum glycoproteins in autoimmune diseases.

Johns, T. G. & Bernard, C. C. (1999) J. Neurochem. 72, 1–9.

Jondal,M. (2004) Different roles for glucocorticoids in thymocyte homeostasis? Trends Immunol. 25, 595–600

Korte, S.M. (2005) The Darwinian concept of stress: benefits of allostasis and costs of allostatic load and the trade-offs in health and disease. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 29, 3–38

Laemmli U.K.(1970).Cleavage of structural proteins during tha assembly of tha head of Bacteriophage  T4. Nature 227(5259):680-5  

Lane, J. D. & Fagg, G. E. (1980) J. Neurochem. 34, 163-171

Lebar R, Boutry Jm, Vincent C, Robineaux R, And Voisin Ga. Studies on autoimmune encephalomyelitis in the guinea pig. II. An in vitro investigation on the nature, properties, and specificity of the serum-demyelinating factor. J Immunol 116: 1439–1446, 1976.

Lebar R, Lubetzki C, Vincent C, Lombrail C, And Boutry Jm. The M2 antigen of central nervous system myelin, a glycoprotein present in oligodendrocyte membrane. Clin Exp Immunol 66: 423–443, 1986.

Lee AL, Ogle WO, Sapolsky RM.2002stress and depression: possible links to neuron death in hippocampus. Bipolar Disord: 4: 117±128.,2002

Linington Webb Cm And Woodhams Pl. A novel myelin-associated glycoprotein defined by a mouse monoclonal antibody. J Neuroimmunol 6: 387–396, 1984.

Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, et al. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J. Biol Chem 1951; 193: 265–275.

Madhappan, B. et al. (2003) High levels of intrauterine corticotropinreleasing hormone, urocortin, tryptase and IL-8 in spontaneous abortions. Endocrinology 144, 2285–2290

Marcucilli C. J. and Miller R. J. (1994) CNS stress response: too hot to handle? Trends. Neurosci. 17, 135±137.

 McEwen BS. Protective and damaging effects of stress mediators. N Engl J Med 1998; 338:171-9.

McEwen, B.S. (2004). “Protection and Damage from Acute and Chronic Stress: Allostasis and Allostatic Overload and Relevance to the Pathophysiology of Psychiatric Disorders.” Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, Vol. 1032, pp. 1-7.

McEwen, B.S., 2000. The neurobiology of stress: from serendipity to clinical relevance. Brain Res. 886 (1–2), 172–189.

McIntyre, L. J., Quarles, R. H. & Brady, R. 0. (1979) Biochem. J. 183, 205-212

McMillan, D.E. and Donaldson, C.L. (1975) Changes in serum proteins, viscosity, and proteinbound carbohydrates during prolonged bedrest. Aviat. Space Environ. Med. 46, 132-135.

Meerson, F. Adaptation, Stress and Prophylax; Nauka: Moscow, USSR, 1981 (russ.); Springer– Verlag: Berlin, Germany, 1984.

Mena, E. E. & Moore, B. W. (1977) Trans. Am. Soc. Neurochem. 8, 215

Mena, E. E. (1978) Ph.D. Thesis, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis

Mohr, D.C. et al. (2004) Association between stressful life events and exacerbation in multiple sclerosis: a meta-analysis. BMJ 328, 731

Moser M, Lehofer M, Hoehn-Saric R, McLeod DR, Hildebrandt G, Steinbrenner B, et al. Increased heart rate in depressed subjects in spite of unchanged autonomic balance J Affect Disord 1998; 48: 115–124.

Neibes P. Determination of enzymes and degradation products of glycosaminoglycans metabolism in the serum of healthy and varicose subjects. Clin Chim Acta 1972; 42: 399 408.

Norton W. T., Poduslo S. E (1973). Isolation and charecterization of myelin, in myelin (Ed. P. Morell). Plenum press, Newyork, p. 161-199.

 Norton Wt And Poduslo S. Myelination in rat brain: changes in myelin composition during brain maturation. J Neurochem 21: 759–773, 1973.

Ohinishi. A comparative study of plasma membrane magnesium ion ATPase activities in normal, regenerating and malignant cells. Biochem. Biophys. Acta 1982; 684: 67–74.

         patients of ischemic heart disease and normal controls. Indian J. Med. Res. 63, 282-285.

Perrin, F. et al. (2004) Nonvisual responses to light exposure in the human brain during the circadian night. Curr. Biol. 14, 1842–1846

Peters A, Palay SL, Webster H deF. 1991. The fine structure of the nervous system. Oxford: Oxford University Press.

Poduslo, J. F., Hartman, J. L. & McFarlin, D. E. (1980) J. Neurochem. 34, 1733-1744

Qiu, B.S. et al. (1999). The role of CD4C lymphocytes in the susceptibility of mice to stress-induced reactivation of experimental colitis. Nat. Med. 5, 1178–1182

Quarles Rh. Glycoprotein of myelin sheaths. J Mol Neurosci 8: 1–12, 1997.

Quarles, R. H. (1979) in Biochemistry ofBrain (Kumar, S., ed.), pp. 81-102, Pergamon Press, London

Quarles, R. H., Everly, J. L. & Brady, R. 0. (1972) Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 68,491-497

Quarles, R. H., Everly, J. L. & Brady, R. 0. (1973) J. Neurochem. 21, 1177-1191

Quarles, R. H., McIntyre, L. J. & Posnok, C. F. (1979) Biochem. J. 183, 213-221

Sandra Salmans (1997). Depression: questions you have - answers you need. People's Medical Society. ISBN 978-1-882606-14-6.

Sapolsky, R.M., Romero, L.M., & Munck, A. (2000). How do glucorticoids influence stress responses? Integrating permissive, suppressive, stimulatory and preparative ac­tions. Endocrine Reviews, 21(1), 55-89.

Schulkin J, McEwen BS, Gold PW. 1994. Allostasis, amygdala, and anticipatory angst. Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev. 18:385–96

Seal, V.S. and Eist, H. (1966) Elevation of serum protein bound carbohydrate and heptaglobin in schizophrenia. Clin. Chem. 12, 709.

 Selye H., Stress Without Distress, McClelland and Steward Ltd., Toronto, 1974.

Sharma, N.C. and Sur, B.K. (1967) Serum fucose and sialic acid levels in children and adults under normal and pathophysiological condition. Indian J. Med. Res. 55, 380-384.

 Singh, U., Solanki, R.L., Anand, V.K. and Ramdeo, I.N. (1989) Serum glycoproteins in pulmonary tuberculosis. Indian J. Med. Res. 89, 255-260.

 Slavin, A. J., Johns, T. G., Orian, J. M. & Bernard, C. C. (1997) Dev. Neurosci. 19, 69–78.

Solanki, R.L., Ramdeo, I.N. and Sachdev, K.N. (1978) Serum protein bound fucose in diagnosis of breast malignancy. Indian J. Med. Res. 67, 786- 791.

superfamily. J. Neurosci. Res., 33:177-187.

Tandon, S.K., Solanki, R.L., Ramdeo, I.N., Anand, V.K. and Singh, U. (1983) A study of serum glycoprotein in cardiovascular disorders. Indian J. Med. Res. 37, 223-225.

Theoharides, T.C. et al. (2004) Mast cells as targets of corticotropinreleasing factor and related peptides. Trends Pharmacol. Sci. 25, 563–568

Theoharides, T.C. et al. (2005). The role of mast cells in migraine pathophysiology. Brain Res. Brain Res. Rev. 49, 65–76

Tilbrook A.J., A.I. Turner, I.J. Clarke, Stress and reproduction: central mechanisms and sex differences in non-rodent species, Stress 5 (2002) 83–100.

Trapp BD. 1990. Myelin-associated glycoprotein. Location and potential functions. Ann N Y Acad Sci 605:29–43.

Turner A.I., P.H. Hemsworth, A.J. Tilbrook, Susceptibility of reproduction in female pigs to impairment by stress or elevation of cortisol, Domest. Anim. Endocrinol. 29 (2005) 398–410.

Upadhya, S., Upadhya, S. Prabhu, K.S. (2002) Serum glycoconjugates and ceruloplasmin in cancer of uterine cervix. Indian J. Clin. Biochem. 17, 20-24.

Van Noort J. M., Van Sechel A. C., Bajramovic J. J., El Quagmiri M., Polman C. H., Lassmann H. and Ravid R. (1995). The small heat shock protein aB-crystallin as candidate autoantigen in multiple sclerosis. Nature 375, 798±801.

Van Oss, C.J., Bronson, P.M. and Border, J.R. (1975) Changes in the serum alpha glycoprotein distribution in trauma patients. J. Trauma. 15, 451- 455.

 Vandewalle, G. et al. (2006) Daytime light exposure dynamically enhances brain responses. Curr. Biol. 16, 1616–1621

Vandewalle, G. et al. (2007) Brain responses to violet, blue, and green monochromatic light exposures in humans: prominent role of blue light and the brainstem. PLoS ONE 2, e1247

Vandewalle, G. et al. (2007) Wavelength-dependent modulation of brain responses to a working memory task by daytime light exposure. Cereb. Cortex 17, 2788–2795.

Varma, R.S., Varma, R. and Hoshino, A.Y. (1979) Serum and mucopolysaccharide level in psychiatric patients. Neurosci. Lett. 14, 349-354.

Virchow R (1854). "Über das ausgebreitete Vorkommen einer dem Nervenmark analogen Substanz in den tierischen Geweben". Virchows Arch. Pathol. Anat. 6: 562–72.

Viswanathan, K. and Dhabhar, F.S. (2005) Stress-induced enhancement of leukocyte trafficking into sites of surgery or immune activation. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U. S. A. 102, 5808–5813

Wagner WD. A more sensitive assay discriminating galactosamine and glucosamine in mixtures. Anal Biochem 1979; 15: 394–396

Waildt M, E. M. Goergen1,J. L. Benton1,D. C. Sandeman 1 and B. S. Beltz 1,*The Journal of

            Experimental  Biology 207,3765-3774 2004.

Wang KC, Koprivica V, Kim JA, Sivasankaran R, Guo Y, Neve RL, He Z. 2002. Oligodendrocyte-myelin glycoprotein is a Nogo receptor ligand that inhibits neurite outgrowth. Nature. 417:941--944.

Warren L. The thiobarbituric acid assay of sialic acids. J Biol Chem 1959; 234: 1971–1975.

Weaver, I.C., Diorio, J., Seckl, J.R., Szyf, M., & Meaney, M.J. (2004) Early environmental regulation of hip­pocampal glucocorticoid receptor gene expression: Characterization of intracellular mediators and potential genomic target sites. Annals of the New York Academy of Sciences, 1024, 182-212.

Weimer, H.E. and Moshin, J.R. (1953). Comparative effects of intramuscular injections of ACTH, cortisone, and saline on serum glycoprotein levels. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 84,

Winzler RJ. Determination of Serum Glycoproteins. In: Glick D (ed) Methods of Biochemical Analysis 1955; 2: 279–311.

Wolfgram F. A new proteolipid fraction of the nervous system. I. Isolation and amino acid analysis. J Neurochem 13: 461–470, 1966.

Zanetta, J. P., Sarlieve, L. L., Mandel, P., Vincendon, G. & Gombos, G. (1977) J. Neurochem. 29, 827-838